Types I and III parotid collagen variations and serum biochemical parameters in obese rats exposed to monosodium glutamate / Variaciones de colágeno parotídeo tipos I y III y parámetros bioquímicos séricos en ratas obesas expuestas a glutamato monosódico

SUMMARY: The objective of this study was to describe the effects of monosodium glutamate on the collagen of the parotid gland in an obesity model. 18 newborn male Sprague Dawley rats were used (first control group; second group of MSG1: 4 mg/g of monosodium glutamate weight, 5 doses, and third group of MSG2: 4 mg/g of monosodium glutamate, 5 doses, maintained for 8 and 16 weeks respectively). The content and type of collagen were analyzed, in addition to the levels of cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides and uric acid. Monosodium glutamate produced an increase in the obesity rates of the MSG2 group, in addition to an increase in blood cholesterol, glucose and uric acid levels compared to the control group. Type III collagen in the MSG2 group showed a statistically significant increase. Monosodium glutamate induced obesity, in addition to an increase in type III collagen fibers.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue describir los efectos del glutamato monosódico sobre el colágeno de la glándula parótida en un modelo de obesidad. Se utilizaron 18 ratas Sprague Dawley machos recién nacidas (primer grupo control; segundo grupo MSG1: 4 mg/g de peso de glutamato monosódico, 5 dosis, y tercer grupo MSG2: 4 mg/g de glutamato monosódico, 5 dosis, mantenidas durante 8 y 16 semanas respectivamente). Se analizó el contenido y el tipo de colágeno, además de los niveles de colesterol, glucosa, triglicéridos y ácido úrico. El glutamato monosódico produjo un aumento en las tasas de obesidad del grupo MSG2, además de un aumento en los niveles de colesterol en sangre, glucosa y ácido úrico en comparación con el grupo control. El colágeno tipo III en el grupo MSG2 mostró un aumento estadísticamente significativo. La obesidad inducida por glutamato monosódico, además de un aumento en las fibras de colágeno tipo III.

Investigation of the effect of GnRH (deslorelin) on the histochemical structure of salivary glands in rats / Investigación del efecto de la GnRH (deslorelina) sobre la estructura histoquímica de las glándulas salivales en ratas

This study was planned to determine the histochemical alterations of the submandibular gland by implantation of long-term GnRH (deslorelin 4.7 mg). Eighteen Wistar albino rats were used in the study. Alcian blue (AB; pH: 2.5), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining was performed to determine the microscopic structure and histochemical structure of the GI submandibular gland. The Avidin-Biotin Complex (ABC) method was used to determine the immunohistochemical reactivity of lectin. After GnRH implantation, the organs were examined and atrophies were observed in organs. In the group in which the implants were removed, it was determined that there was no atrophy; organ structures and microscopic examination were similar to the control group. At the end of the study, submandibular gland was fixed in 10 % buffered formaldehyde. In three groups, PAS and AB histochemical staining revealed similar reactions. Immunohistochemically, lectin activity was found to react positively.

Este estudio se planificó para determinar las alteraciones histoquímicas de la glándula submandibular mediante la implantación de GnRH a largo plazo (deslorelina 4,7 mg). Dieciocho ratas Wistar albinas se utilizaron en el estudio. Para determinar la estructura microscópica e histoquímica de la glándula submandibular, se realizó una tinción con azul alcián (AA; pH: 2.5) y ácido peryódico de Schiff (PAS). El método Avidin-Biotin Complex (ABC) se utilizó para determinar la reactividad inmunohistoquímica de la lectina. Después de la implantación de GnRH, se examinaron los órganos y se observó atrofia en ellos. En el grupo en el que se retiraron los implantes, no se observó atrofia. Las estructuras orgánicas y el examen microscópico fueron similares al grupo control. Al final del estudio, la glándula submandibular se fijó en formaldehído tamponado al 10 %. En tres grupos, la tinción histoquímica de PAS y AA reveló reacciones simila4res. Inmunohisto-químicamente, se encontró que la actividad de la lectina reaccionó positivamente.

Xerostomia em pacientes com HIV/ Aids: revisão sistemática de literatura

Introdução: a transmissão do vírus da imunodeficiênciahumana (HIV) leva à redução da resposta imunológicado indivíduo, podendo ocorrer alterações na cavidadebucal, entre elas, a xerostomia. Objetivo: por meio deuma revisão sistemática, este trabalho objetiva analisara presença e as correlações da presença de xerostomiaem pacientes HIV positivos ou com Aids. Métodos: foifeita busca nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO e Lilacsutilizando os descritores "oral manifestations", "HIV","Aids" e "xerostomia", sendo os critérios de inclusãotrabalhos epidemiológicos descritivos e observacionaiscom no máximo 10 anos de publicação e em línguainglesa, portuguesa ou espanhola. Resultados: foramencontrados 162 artigos que, após critérios exclusivos,foram reduzidos a 15 trabalhos desenvolvidos em setepaíses, nos quais se encontraram valores variando entre2% e 76,2% na presença de xerostomia em pacientescom HIV/Aids, a maioria homens entre a terceira e aquarta década de vida. Conclusão: a xerostomia em pacientescom HIV/Aids necessita de diversas pesquisasclínicas, devido aos inúmeros fatores que podem ocasionara etiologia, além da grande divergência de resultadosencontrados. Estudos afirmam que patologias queacometem as glândulas salivares podem levar à sensaçãode boca seca nesses indivíduos e são decorrentesda utilização prolongada da terapia antirretroviral altamenteativa (Haart). (AU)

Introduction: the human immunodeficiency virus transmission reduces the immune response of individuals and may cause changes in the oral cavity, such as xerostomia. Objective: by means of a systematic review, the present study aims to analyze the presence and correlations of the presence of xerostomia in HIV+ patients or those living with AIDS. Methods: the databases PubMed, SciELO, and Lilacs were searched using the descriptors "oral manifestations", "HIV", "AIDS", and "xerostomia". Inclusion criteria consisted of observational descriptive epidemiological studies with up to 10 years of publication, in English, Portuguese, or Spanish. Results: a total of 162 articles were found, which after exclusive criteria were reduced to the quantity of 15 studies from seven countries. These studies found varying values in the presence of xerostomia in HIV/ AIDS patients, ranging from 2% to 76.2%, most of them in men between the third and fourth decades of life. Conclusion: xerostomia in HIV/AIDS patients requires several clinical studies due to the numerous factors that may cause the etiology, besides the great divergence of results found. Studies indicate that pathologies affecting the salivary glands may cause dry mouth sensation in these patients, which derives from the prolonged use of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART). (AU)

Drugs or disease: evaluating salivary function in RA patients

Abstract Oral complications of RA may include temporomandibular joint disorders, mucosa alterations and symptoms of dry mouth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the salivary gland function of subjects with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) comparing it to healthy controls. Subjects with other systemic conditions known to affect salivary functions were excluded. A questionnaire was applied for the evaluation of xerostomia. Resting and chewing-stimulated salivary flow rates (SFR) were obtained under standard conditions. There were 145 subjects included of the study (104 RA and 38 controls). About 66.7% of the RA subjects and 2.4% in control group presented xerostomia. The median resting SFR were 0.24 ml/min for RA subjects and 0.40 mL/min for controls (p = 0.04). The median stimulated SFR were 1.31 mL/min for RA subjects and 1.52 ml/min for controls (p = 0.33). No significant differences were found between resting and stimulated SFR of RA subjects not using xerogenic medications and controls. There was significantly higher number of subjects presenting hyposalivation in the RA group than among controls, even when subjects using xerogenic medications were eliminated from the analysis. In conclusion, hyposalivation and xerostomia were more frequent among RA subjects not using xerogenic medication than among controls, although there were no significant differences in the median SFR between groups.

Melatonin preserves the morphology of parotid gland damaged by streptozotocin induced diabetes

This study investigated the injurious effects of Streptozotocin [STZ] induced diabetes on histology of rat salivary gland along with amelioration of these effects by the antioxidant melatonin. This prospective experimental study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, JPMC, Karachi for a period of 6 weeks from November to December, 2012. 45 male albino rats were divided into 3 groups, containing 15 animals each. Group A was treated as control, group B and C received 37 mg/kg STZ Intraperitoneally [i/p] once at the start of experiment, whereas group C additionally received 10mg/100ml of melatonin [MEL] 3-days prior to STZ administration. After sacrificing the animals, the parotid glands were processed for histological examination and viewed under the light microscope. The histological findings demonstrated changes in the parotid gland morphology of group B animals, such as the presence of lipid vacuoles in the serous acini and degeneration of the acinar cells. There was a significant reduction in the severity of these changes in melatonin treated group C. Serum glucose was significantly increased in both group B and C as compared to control. Total serum cholesterol was significantly increased in group B as compared to group A and C. STZ altered the histology of parotid gland by lipid infiltration and degeneration of acini. Melatonin suppressed the progression of damage induced by STZ due to its antioxidant properties and also reduced total serum cholesterol levels, but it could not decrease STZ induced hyperglycemia

Hypoglycemic effects of an aqueous extract of Bauhinia forficata on the salivary glands of diabetic mice

The objective of this study was to evaluate the salivary glands in diabetic mice, analyzing alterations in the secretory epithelium and interactions with the stromal compartment acquired during a prolonged period of treatment with Bauhinia forficata extract. Female mice were divided into two groups: Nonobese diabetic [NOD] mice treated with Bauhinia forficata [I], and NOD mice not treated with the hypoglycemic agent [II]. After treatment, the salivary glands were collected for analysis by transmitted and polarized light microscopy, complemented by three-dimensional analysis of these tissues. The results showed weight loss in animals of group II and weight recovery in treated animals. Glucose levels were elevated in group II, but declined in group I. In the two groups, the salivary glands were characterized by involution of the secretory epithelium, presence of an inflammatory infiltrate and an increase of extracellular fibrillar components. It can be concluded that treatment with Bauhinia forficata reduced glucose levels and contributed to weight recovery in treated animals. However, the observation of tissue destructuring and compromised epithelial-stromal interactions, with consequent impairment of glandular function, demonstrates that Bauhinia forficata exerts an effect on the recovery of body metabolism but this improvement does not influence in the tissue recovery

5-Bromo-2’-deoxyuridine induces visible morphological alteration in the DNA puffs of the anterior salivary gland region of Bradysia hygida (Diptera, Sciaridae)

5-Bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdUrd) has long been known to interfere with cell differentiation. We found that treatment ofBradysia hygida larvae with BrdUrd during DNA puff anlage formation in the polytene chromosomes of the salivary gland S1 region noticeably affects anlage morphology. However, it does not affect subsequent metamorphosis to the adult stage. The chromatin of the chromosomal sites that would normally form DNA puffs remains very compact and DNA puff expansion does not occur with administration of 4 to 8 mM BrdUrd. Injection of BrdUrd at different ages provoked a gradient of compaction of the DNA puff chromatin, leading to the formation of very small to almost normal puffs. By immunodetection, we show that the analogue is preferentially incorporated into the DNA puff anlages. When BrdUrd is injected in a mixture with thymidine, it is not incorporated into the DNA, and normal DNA puffs form. Therefore, incorporation of this analogue into the amplified DNA seems to be the cause of this extreme compaction. Autoradiographic experiments and silver grains counting showed that this treatment decreases the efficiency of RNA synthesis at DNA puff anlages.

Protective effect of Ocimum sanctum L after high-dose 131iodine exposure in mice: an in vivo study.

Radioprotective effect of aqueous extract of Ocimum sanctum (40 mg/kg body weight, for 15 days) in mice exposed to high-doses (3.7 MBq) of oral 131iodine was investigated by studying the organ weights, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense enzymes in various target organs like liver, kidneys, salivary glands and stomach at 24 hr after exposure in adult Swiss mice. The mean weight of the salivary glands showed significant increase after 131iodine administration. 131iodine exposure significantly increased lipid peroxidation in kidneys and salivary glands in comparison to control animals. Pretreatment with O. sanctum in radioiodine exposed group showed significant reduction in lipid peroxidation in both kidneys and salivary glands. In liver, reduced glutathione (GSH) levels showed significant reduction after radioiodine exposure while pretreatment with O. sanctum exhibited less depletion in GSH level even after 131iodine exposure. However, no such changes were observed in stomach. The results indicate the possibility of using aqueous extract of O. sanctum for ameliorating 131Iodine induced damage to the salivary glands.

Effects of isoproterenol on weight and cell structure of parotid and submandibular salivary glands in stray dogs

Isoproterenol is a sympathomimetic agent that has been used for treatment of cardiac and respiratory diseases such as atrio-ventricular block, cardiac arrest and asthma in human and animals. Isoproterenol stimulates Beta adrenergic receptors in secretory units of salivary glands and causes increasing of salivation and histomorphological changes in short and long terms, respectively. Twenty adult female stray dogs were used as control and treatment groups. Chronic treatment ofisoproterenol with dosage of 0.3 mg per kg [19.9 +/- 1.4 kg bw] for 20 days revealed remarkable changes on weight of the parotid and submandibular salivary glands. In treatment group, histomorphological changes in submandibular gland were more clear than parotid and its mean weight from 8086 +/- 172 mg increased to 18587 +/- 379 mg. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of secretory units in the submandibular gland were also detectable. As a result, the histomorphological differences that have been seen in this research between parotid and submandibular salivary glands can be related to type of receptors of secretory units

Dissociation between vasodilation and Leishmania infection-enhancing effects of sand fly saliva and maxadilan

In this study, the ability of maxadilan and Lutzomyia longipalpis salivary gland lysate to enhance the infection of CBA mice by Leishmania major and of BALB/c mice by L. braziliensis was tested. No difference was observed between sizes of lesion in CBA mice infected with L. major and treated or not with salivary gland lysate or maxadilan, although they were injected in concentrations that induced cutaneous vasodilation. Although parasites were more frequently observed in foot pads and spleens of animals treated with maxadilan than in the animals treated with salivary gland lysate or saline, the differences were small and not statistically significant. The lesions in BALB/c mice infected with L. braziliensis and treated with maxadilan were slightly larger than in animals that received Leishmania alone. Such differences disappeared 14 weeks after infection, and were statistically significant only in one of two experiments

Protective role of ascorbic acid on population of -T- lymphocyte in major salivary glands of rat exposed to cadmium [immuno-histochemical study]

The study was carried out to evaluate the immunohistochemical investigation of the protective role of ascorbic acid on population of T-lymphocyte in major salivary glands of rat exposed to cadmium. Fifteen male rats weighting about 250g, were divided into three groups, 5 animals for each. In group I, the rats were injected with 0.5 ml of physiological saline and used as control. In group II, the animals were injected with cadmium chloride [15mg/kg body weight] for 1.4 and 8 weeks. In group III, the rats were injected with cadmium chloride simultaneously with ascorbic acid for different periods equal to the periods cadmium chloride injection. The results demonstrated that, by using of the anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody, the immunohistochemical finding of group II demonstrated weak positive staining with anti-CD3 antibody and a few number of positive T lymphocyte was situated in the connective tissue storma, as well as, parenchymal tissue of salivary glands. In group III, strong positive reactivity with anti-CD3 antibody in all examined tissue. There was great number of anti-CD3 positive T-lymphocyte scattered in the glandular tissue than that seen in group II. The ascorbic acid demonstrated beneficial effect on the cadmium toxicity exposed salivary gland when both drugs were simultaneously administrated and toxic effect of cadmium on the immune system can be obliterated by a sufficient intake of ascorbic acid. We conclude that immune functional abnormalities can be restored after toxic chemicals exposure by oral usage of ascorbic acid

Effects of trichloroethylene anaesthesia on salivary paracetamol elimination.

The effect of trichloroethylene (Trielene) anaesthesia was studied in 10 young male patients undergoing short surgical procedures. Equal number of males operated upon for the same indication under epidural anaesthesia, served as a control group. Paracetamol concentrations in saliva were measured at hourly intervals on the day before and after surgery. Paracetamol half life (t1/2) significantly decreased (from 2.5 to 0.84 h) and clearance rate (CL) significantly increased (from 8.0 to 14.0 ml/min/kg) as compared to preoperative values. The control also showed significant but smaller alterations in these parameters. Our result suggests that trielene exposure may accelerate the hepatic metabolism of paracetamol.

Gingival and salivary changes induced by agents that after the cytosolic functional availability of calcium

Drugs that alter the cytosolic functional availability of calcium [Ca2+] verapamil hydrochloride [V], and trifluoperazine [TFP], were probed for probable gingival and/or salivary involvements and were compared with result induced by phenytoin [Ph]. The study was conducted on 28 dogs that were equally divided into 4 group receiving IM twice daily saline [1 ml] as control [C] [n=7], 5 mg/kg [Ph][n=7] 200ug/kg [V] [n=7] and 250 ug/kg [TFP] [n=7] for three continous months. Gingival findings revealed, that overgrowth index [OGI] was significantly increased by Ph, but was insignificantly increased by V and TFP, while the growth index [Gl] was significantly increased by V and TFP but not by Ph in comparison to C. When comparing to Ph, the OGI was significantly lower and theGI significantly higher by V and TFP, but no significant difference was found between the results of the two drugs. Histopathologically, Ph induced fibroblastic gingival hyperplasia, TFP induced epithelial gingival hyperplasia and V induced atrophic gingival changes. Parotid results revealed that, norepinephrine and 5-hydroxy tryptamine significantly decreased by V and TFP in comparisn to C and Ph. Sodium was significantly lowered by Ph and V but not by TFP, potassium was significantly increased by V but not by Ph and TFP and chlorides were insignificantly altered by any drug in comparison to C. No significant change in any of the monovalentions existed between V, TFP and Ph and no significant change in all chemical estimates were found between V and TFP. Histopathologically, Ph preserved salivary parenchyema, TFP induced its shrinkage and V caused its atrophy. The probable causes behind the changes encountered were discussed. One can conclude that these groups of drugs, induce varying grades of gingival overgrowthes that are different in nature and etiopathogenesis. Regarding of V and TFP their salivary changes were markedly contributing to their gingival changes indicating that Ca2+ antagonism, though operating could not be the sole provocateur and that metabolites specific to each drug may have a modifying role

Influência do oleato de sódio ministrado por intubagem gástrica na incidência de cárie em ratos intactos e com os ductos das glândulas salivares atados / The influence of sodium oleate administrated by gastric intubation on the incidence of dental caries in rats with intact and ligated salivary gland ducts

O efeito do oleato de sódio ministrado por intubagem gástrica sobre a incidência de cárie em ratos intactos e com seus ductos das glândulas salivares atados foi estudado. Ratos intactos que receberam o oleato de sódio apresentaram um aumento na incidência de cárie comparado aos controles que receberam soluçäo fisiológica de cloreto de sódio. Por outro lado, ratos que tiveram seus ductos glandulares atados e que receberam oleato de sódio, apresentaram uma diminuiçäo na incidência de cárie. O atamento dos ductos das glândulas salivares aumentou a incidência de cárie, independentemente da ministraçäo gástrica de oleato de sódio. Conclue-se que a açäo anticariogênica descrita anteriormente para o oleato de sódio quando ministrado na dieta cariogênica de rato seja devido à inibiçäo da fermentaçäo bacteriana da placa dentária. A razäo pela qual o oleato de sódio diminuiu a incidência de cárie em ratos com os ductos glandulares atados ainda näo é conhecida